Patients who are experiencing pain in their shoulder or down their arm can often be frustrated and discouraged by the difficulty of finding effective treatment to provide relief. It seems self-evident that if the pain is in the shoulder, then it must have to do with a problem with the muscles, tendons, or joints of the shoulder.
That isn’t always the case. In fact, injuries or degenerative changes in the neck that affect the nerves can produce painful symptoms in the shoulder and down the arm, complicating the task of determining the root cause of pain. How can you determine the difference so you can pursue the right treatment to restore your comfort and mobility?
The cervical spine, the seven vertebrae that make up the upper part of the spinal column, is what we think of as the neck. Each joint is connected at the back by facet joints that permit the neck to move forward and backward and to twist. Spinal nerves exit at each vertebral level, and intervertebral discs between each vertebra maintain the spacing between the bones and allow for spinal movement. The cervical nerves (C1 through C8) each serve slightly different functions. If a degenerative change like a disc herniation, facet cyst, or bone spur impinges on a nerve, it can cause serious pain, which the patient often experiences as radiating pain down their arm.
The shoulder is a ball-and-socket joint with a high range of motion. To provide stability and ensure that the head of the humerus (the upper arm bone) remains properly aligned in its socket, the glenoid fossa (socket) of the scapula is deepened by a fibrocartilage rim called the glenoid labrum. The rotator cuff, a group of four muscles that go around the ball of the joint, help to keep it in place and prevent dislocation or abnormal movement. Aging, degeneration, and repetitive over-the-head activities can cause tendonitis, inflammation, or tearing of the tendons, which in turn cause pain in the shoulder.
People who have a pinched nerve in their neck tend to have pain that starts from the back of the neck and goes into the shoulder blade area. The area affected differs depending on which nerve is involved. Confusion between neck and shoulder pain can commonly arise when the C5 nerve, which goes to the outside of the shoulder, has been affected. Usually, pain from a pinched cervical nerve does not go to the front of the neck.
Shoulder pain, on the other hand, tends to present with more pain in the front of the shoulder. This can be caused by rotator cuff problems, a biceps tendon issue, or a frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis, when the connective tissue of the joint becomes thick and tight, restricting movement).
The circumstances under which patients experience pain and what positions exacerbate or relieve it can also provide valuable clues as to its source. Those with shoulder problems often experience more pain when trying to lift their arm above their shoulder or head, as in putting dishes into upper cupboards. Someone with a pinched nerve, on the other hand, can experience relief of pressure on the nerve when they lift their arm, and may sleep with their arm raised. They may also sleep with extra pillows to bring their neck forward. Hyperextension of the neck or rotating the neck toward the side of the pinched nerve makes the pain worse. Patients with a rotator cuff issue will avoid laying on the affected side when they sleep and will wake up when rolling over in bed.
A physical exam will examine range of motion in the neck and arm, noting where and when pain is experienced. Sometimes, this exam can provide enough information to point to a diagnosis. X-rays and MRIs (magnetic resonance imaging) also provide additional detail on what is going on internally. However, it is important to note that as people age, the likelihood of seeing degenerative changes on an MRI go up, but those changes may not necessarily cause pain or significant dysfunction. MRI findings should be considered as part of the entire picture to determine what is causing symptoms and, more importantly, to determine an effective treatment plan.
Few things are as demoralizing as going through endless medical appointments without finding relief for your pain. Dr. Tiffany Rogers, a board-certified spine specialist with a background in physical therapy, can help cut through the confusion and determine if your shoulder pain is actually coming from your neck. Her treatment focuses on finding the least invasive, effective option to meet your treatment goals, including artificial disc replacement (ADR), a minimally invasive alternative to traditional spinal fusion. If you’re tired of getting no answers and no relief, schedule your consultation by contacting us here.